Understanding the Phenomenon of McDonaldization

Understanding the Phenomenon of McDonaldization McDonaldization is an idea created by American humanist George Ritzer which alludes to the specific sort of legitimization of creation, work, and utilization that rose to conspicuousness in the late twentieth century. The fundamental thought is that these components have been adjusted dependent on the qualities of a drive-through eatery effectiveness, calculability, consistency and normalization, and control-and that this adjustment has far reaching influences all through all parts of society. The McDonaldization of Society George Ritzer presented the idea of McDonaldization with his 1993 book, The McDonaldization of Society. Since that time the idea includes become focal inside the field of human science and particularly inside the humanism of globalization. The 6th release of the book, distributed in 2011, has been refered to about multiple times. As indicated by Ritzer, the McDonaldization of society is a marvel that happens when society, its establishments, and its associations are adjusted to have similar attributes that are found in inexpensive food chains. These incorporate proficiency, calculability, consistency and normalization, and control. Ritzers hypothesis of McDonaldization is a report on traditional humanist Max Webers hypothesis of how logical objectivity created administration, which turned into the focal arranging power of present day social orders through a significant part of the twentieth century. As indicated by Weber, the cutting edge organization was characterized by various leveled jobs, compartmentalized information and jobs, an apparent legitimacy based arrangement of work and headway, and the legitimate sanity authority of the standard of law. These attributes could be watched (and still can be) all through numerous parts of social orders far and wide. As indicated by Ritzer, changes inside science, economy, and culture have moved social orders from Webers organization to another social structure and request that he calls McDonaldization. As he clarifies in his book of a similar name, this new financial and social request is characterized by four key perspectives. Efficiencyâ entails an administrative spotlight on limiting the time required to finish singular errands just as that required to finish the entire activity or procedure of creation and distribution.Calculability is an attention on quantifiable destinations (tallying things) instead of emotional ones (assessment of quality).Predictability and standardizationâ are found in tedious and routinized creation or administration conveyance forms and in the steady yield of items or encounters that are indistinguishable or near it (consistency of the customer experience).Finally, control inside McDonaldization is employed by the administration to guarantee that laborers show up and act the equivalent on a second to-second and consistent schedule. It likewise alludes to the utilization of robots and innovation to diminish or supplant human representatives at every possible opportunity. Ritzer affirms that these attributes are not just perceptible underway, work, and in the shopper experience, yet that their characterizing nearness in these territories reaches out as far reaching influences through all parts of public activity. McDonaldization influences our qualities, inclinations, objectives, and perspectives, our personalities, and our social connections. Further, sociologists perceive that McDonaldization is a worldwide wonder, driven by Western organizations, the financial force and social strength of the West, and as such it prompts a worldwide homogenization of monetary and public activity. The Downside of McDonaldization In the wake of spreading out how McDonaldization functions in the book, Ritzer clarifies that this tight spotlight on levelheadedness really delivers nonsensicalness. He watched, Most explicitly, nonsensicalness implies that discerning frameworks are preposterous frameworks. I imply that they deny the fundamental humankind, the human explanation, of the individuals who work inside or are served by them. Many have no uncertainty experienced what Ritzer portrays hereâ when the human limit with respect to reason is by all accounts not in any manner present in exchanges or encounters that are damaged by unbending adherence to the guidelines and approaches of an association. Those that work under these conditions frequently experience them as dehumanizing also. This is on the grounds that McDonaldization doesn't require a gifted workforce. Concentrating on the four key attributes that produce McDonaldization has disposed of the requirement for gifted specialists. Laborers in these conditions take part in tedious, routinized, profoundly engaged and compartmentalized errands that are rapidly and efficiently instructed, and in this manner simple to supplant. This sort of work debases work and removes laborers haggling power. Sociologists see that this sort of work has diminished specialists rights and wages in the US and around the globe, which is actually why laborers at places like McDonalds and Walmart are driving the battle professionally wage in the U.S. Meanwhile in China, laborers who created iPhones and iPads face comparable conditions and battles. The attributes of McDonaldization have crawled into the customer experience as well, with free purchaser work collapsed into the creation procedure. Ever clear your own dining area at an eatery or cafã ©? Obediently adhere to the directions to collect Ikea furniture? Pick your own apples, pumpkins, or blueberries? Look at yourself at the market? At that point you have been associated to finish the creation or circulation process for nothing, in this way helping an organization in accomplishing proficiency and control. Sociologists watch the attributes of McDonaldization in different everyday issues, similar to instruction and media as well, with an unmistakable move from quality to quantifiable measures after some time, normalization and proficiency assuming noteworthy jobs in both, and control as well. Glance around, and you will be amazed to find that you will see the effects of McDonaldization for an incredible duration.

Streetcar named desire reality free essay sample

â€Å"Human kind can't hold up under much reality† (Eliot 14). Tennessee Williams’ â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† is an imaginative show of T. S. Eliot’s perception. In Streetcar, Blanche, a lady in emergency, visits her sister Stella and brother by marriage Stanley in New Orleans. Blanche is from a privileged foundation yet has run into some bad luck, both financially and inwardly. Stanley is from a lower-class foundation with an unfeeling streak a mile wide. What follows is a contention of incredible scale among Stanley and Blanche, with Stella torn between the two. Each character works inside their own substitute reality. Through Stella, Stanley and Blanche’s self-misleading inside this contention, Williams exhibits how and to what degree people make their own real factors so as to keep up the veneer of a presence they esteem satisfactory. Blanche, all the more with the goal that any of character shows an individual’s capacity to live in a substitute reality. Blanche makes a figment that encourages her adapt to the kind of individual she has become due to disaster she encounters. Blanche’s spouse ends it all after she offers a barbarous expression to him when she finds his undertaking with a man. Blanche manages her blame and forlornness with damaging conduct: she drinks too much and takes part in explicitly wanton conduct. At last, Blanche is come up short on town and comes to live with Stella with no place else to go. The realities behind Blanche’s story are corrupt. Be that as it may, she doesn't recognize them or even live in a reality where they exist. All things considered, a womans fascinate is 50% illusion† (2. 129). Blanche makes a dream where she stays a legitimate Southern woman who is needed by rich respectable men. She shows up at Stella’s house donning pearls, white gloves and a cap, â€Å"looking as though she were showing up at a late spring tea or mixed drink party in the nursery district† (1. 14). She sticks to her Southern privileged roots and marks Stanley a â€Å"brute† in light of his economic wellbeing (4. 2). She won't recognize that she has run into some bad luck, yet rather embraces a reality as it â€Å"ought to be† (9. 43). She endeavors to persuade others to receive her existence to fortify her dreamland (â€Å"I distort things to them. I don’t come clean, I determine what should be truth†) (9. 43). For Blanche, a substitute the truth isn't simply attractive or progressively worthy, it is vital. Blanche needs the figment since she can't exist without it. She can't consider herself to be she genuinely is and go on. At the point when Stanley breaks the deception, Blanche is crushed alongside it. Like Blanche, Stella additionally makes a bogus reality to make her reality adequate. Stella’s substitute reality doesn't penetrate her life like Blanche’s. Be that as it may, it is similarly dangerous. Stella makes a hallucination of Stanley as a caring spouse to keep up her figment that all is well in her marriage. Stella’s figment of Stanley is clear on two occasionsâ€when she comes back to Stanley after he beats her and when she will not accept that Stanley has assaulted Blanche. At the point when Stanley beats Stella, Stella’s self-double dealing gets apparent. It is clear by then that Stanley’s mercilessness stretches out to Stella in their marriage. Blanche attempts to persuade Stella to leave Stanley. Amusingly, Blanche, who sticks to dream herself, discloses to Stella that she should, Pull (her)self together and acknowledge the obvious issues (4. 48). Stella, be that as it may, chooses her deception. She comes back to Stanley and keeps up the hallucination of her cheerful marriage. Stella again selects her other reality when she will not accept that Stanley assaulted Blanche. Stella perceives that she can't keep up the deception of what her marriage is on the off chance that she trusts Blanche. Thus, she settles on a cognizant choice to dismiss Blanche’s story and keep up her hallucination. Toward the finish of the play, Stella discloses her choice to her companion Eunice: I couldnt trust her story and continue living with Stanley (11. 40). In answer, Eunice states, Dont ever trust it. Life must go on. Regardless of what occurs, youve got the chance to continue onward. (11. 41). Eunice’s answer proposes that she perceives that Stella is deluding herself about Stanley so as to keep up the dream of her marriage. Stella’s explanation likewise recommends a level of mindfulness that the fantasy of her marriage would be decimated in the event that she acknowledged Blanche’s story. Stella is just ready to keep up her bogus reality by dismissing reality with regards to a fierce assault against her sister. Through Stella activities, Williams shows the degree that an individual will go to so as to keep up a deception. Both Stella and Blanche’s lives are buried in hallucination. Williams proposes that maybe Stanley’s is too to a lesser degree. Williams sells out Stanley as a frank man who talks honestly and doubtlessly. From the time he meets Blanche, Stanley is fixated on uncovering Blanche’s falsehoods and misdirections. Yet, amusingly, even Stanley makes an other reality that he is better ready to acknowledge. After he has made Blanche crazy by his ruthless assault, Stanley goes to his family and presents the picture of a caring spouse and father as Blanche is removed. Stanley’s exchange reality reflects the one that Stella has made. In his deception he is a caring dad and spouse instead of a merciless domineering jerk. Along these lines, through Stanley, Williams exhibits that even the individuals who are solidly situated as a general rule take part in self-trickery to keep up a worthy exterior. Williams’ message in Streetcar is by all accounts that people will in general make their own existence when the genuine one isn't exactly as they would prefer. Blanche, Stella and even Stanley to a lesser degree make bogus real factors. Their dreams shroud genuine real factors which they can't or reluctant to tolerate. The dreams they make permit them to receive a presence that is satisfactory to themâ€one that is not the slightest bit like reality of their lives. Works Cited

Impact of Oil Prices on the US Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Effect of Oil Prices on the US Economy - Essay Example In spite of the fact that the ascent in costs of oil has been enormous it has not been unexpected and the economies of the major financial forces have acclimated to the change. The ascent in oil costs will bring about a no matter how you look at it change in costs and in this way expansion rates will keep on being high. Anyway the probability of this prompting a downturn in the US and other enormous economies of the world is remote. In the course of the most recent five years, US petroleum gas markets have realized three significant value stuns and have kept on introducing incredibly high instability (BNP-Paribas). In the past abrupt increments in the costs of oil have been trailed by sharp increment in swelling, trailed by a downturn. Again there has been a sharp ascent in the costs of oil and it is important to comprehend what impacts this can have on the economy and make restorative move where conceivable and required. With the experience in the course of the most recent 40 years it is currently conceivable to show up at a more clear image of what impacts an oil value stun can have. Financial analysts have created applied systems to help with understanding the impacts of an unexpected increment in any of the contributions to creation, that is, work and capital. These models can be reached out to incorporate the impact of oil value stun to permit investigation of the impacts of such an occasion. The political occasions in the Middle-East, that prompted ascend in the cost of oil, and their connection with the downturns in the US economy, since the principal huge ascent in 1973, are recorded in Table 1, encased. An assessment of this data shows the political occasions in the Middle East that prompted value ascent of oil and the downturns during a similar period. There doesn't appear to be a close connection between the two, however on the off chance that we factor in other data, for example, the planning of the impedance of the national banks/Government by changing financing costs and other monetary measures to reinforce the economy, the supplies of oil at the hour of the ascent in costs and furthermore the size and execution of that section of the economy which isn't associated straightforwardly to the cost of oil. As the advancement paces of the world economy arrive at untouched highs the downturn another oil value climb may cause will be hard to control, since all the while financing costs are now extremely low and further fixing of cash flexibly would yield exceptionally minimal outcomes. On account of the incredible development of the world economy things have gotten very unique in relation to what was verifiably typical. Genuine oil costs have arrived at twice their normal in the course of recent decades, Bond yields have arrived at the most reduced ever levels, American reserve funds are at record lows while the current-account shortage is at a record high (Woodall P, 2006). Conversation Ascend in costs of gas hit all of us

What You Do Not Know About Issue Essay Samples Gre Might Shock You

What You Do Not Know About Issue Essay Samples Gre Might Shock You Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. Writing a persuasive essay can be complicated because you're not merely presenting the research materials you've gathered but you're trying to influence your readers. It is a very powerful tool. It has been around for quite a long time. Life After Issue Essay Samples Gre Vocabulary lists ought to be practiced every single day. Students should settle on which position they ought to take based upon the number and caliber of the points they're ready to come up with to support their position. The very first step towards learning is created only with the aid of a guide. It isn't as demanding as other varieties of academic papers, but nevertheless, it can provide you an overall insight on writing providing you with the fundamental skills of information gathering, creating an outline, and editing. Prospective students should of fer exclusive attention to every packet item since these materials are the key supply of information for admission decisions. They should give special attention to each required item since these materials are the primary source of information for admission decisions. The Lost Secret of Issue Essay Samples Gre You have to develop an argument for your side of the problem. If you are feeling stuck or not able to address a question, move forward. One of my favourite things about writing is that there isn't any correct or wrong answer. Look through the list of topics with care and commence making a mental collection of the evidence you are able to use on topics you prefer. It permits the readers to think critically about a specific issue, and to weigh the 2 sides regarding such matter. You're going to need to choose a topic first, but your topic needs to be something that has two conflicting points or distinct conclusions. It's possible that while explaining your stand, you divert from the subject and begin discussing another matter. A reply to this question should mention the youngster's strengths, their athletic and societal interests. Writing of scholarship graduate essay is an incredibly tough academic task simply because students must demonstrate they are capable of accomplishing the task that they're applying for. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Some students find a great deal of difficulty writing the essay, even if they have the ability to discover strong points. As stated earlier, most students aren't conscious of the difference between both concepts. The War Against Issue Essay Samples G re Your facts ought to be truthful. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Utilizing reliable sources for research is important. Include the very best evidence. The Secret to Issue Essay Samples Gre Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and an appropriate structure. Yes, there are a few decent articles and sample 6. If you are in need of a website that will supply you with an all-inclusive collection of samples, then you're at the appropriate place. Should you need additional assistance with editing and revising, there are a couple free tools readily available online. Lies You've Been Told About Issue Essay Samples Gre The major portion of a brief essay is known as the body. Some of the absolute most essential things in life cannot be purchased with money, including, friendship, love, knowledge, honestly, spirituality. This document is utilized to evaluate the student s understanding of cu rrent problems in the profession. A superb instance of a question a parent might be asked is the way the parent thinks her or his youngster will add to the school. The New Angle On Issue Essay Samples Gre Just Released Bear in mind an argumentative essay is based more on facts instead of emotion. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. All essays will have a particular topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. High school essays are structured very similarly whatever the topic and decent essay structure will allow you to compose an obvious essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. The upcoming few paragraphs will constitute most of your essay. First and foremost it's imperative to ensure you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. Essentially, issue essay is all about the way that you perceive the given topic. In the issue essay, you will be provided a topic that's debatable.

Book Report on Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of...

Book Report on Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Kant Kant states (38,) act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature. This categorical imperative forms the basis of his book, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. Though at times his writing is confusing Kant lays out his logic as to what a categorical imperative is. Kant divides the book into three sections. The first explains the transition from everyday moral beliefs to the philosophy of those morals. The transition from popular moral philosophy to the metaphysics of morals is explained in Section II. Kant ends the book explaining how the metaphysics of morals is seen in everyday moral†¦show more content†¦Kant provides two reasons to study the metaphysics of morals. First, to understand a priori morals we must investigate their course. Second, morals may be corrupted if we fail to understand and estimate them correctly. Section 1 begins with the idea that the only thing absolutely good is a good will(11). Accord ing to Kant acts of courage and perseverance can be negative if a dubious idea is driving them. Kant uses Duty as an example of good will but provides three qualifications. For an action to have moral worth it must be done from duty. He is careful to distinguish three forms of duty; from duty, conforming to duty and as duty requires (15). A morally good action is not based on anything or done out of want for any object or inclination. It is performed simply because it is. For example, a man rescues a cat from a tree because he knows there is a reward offered. The man performs the act for a monetary purpose. An act driven by any possible reaction can not be based on good will. Good will is good in itself (12). In Section II Kant provides an in-depth explanation of what a categorical imperative is. He first defines an imperative as a command that is obligatory for a will (30). In other words it is something we ought to do. He goes on to differentiate the two kinds of impera tives, hypothetical and imperative. An action based on a hypothetical imperative is done for the result while aShow MoreRelatedKant and Equality7623 Words   |  31 PagesKANT AND EQUALITY Some readers of this essay will have become impatient by now; because they believe that the problem that perplexes me has been definitively solved by Immanuel Kant. It is certainly true that Kant held strong opinions on this matter. In an often-quoted passage, he reports a personal conversion from elitism: â€Å"I am myself a researcher by inclination. I feel the whole thirst for knowledge and the eager unrest to move further on into it, also satisfaction with each acquisition. 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Gandhi by Arnold David Book Review Essay - 1229 Words

South Asia Gandhi: A Saint Not Without Stains, A Critical review of David Arnold’s Gandhi. Arnold, David. Gandhi: Profiles in Power. Harlow, England: Longman, 2001. Gandhi, by David Arnold is a well-written book covering the different aspects of Gandhi’s life in a rather neutral and at the same time critical manner. The author gives the reader an understanding of the actions of Gandhi, his impact, and how the events of his time and upbringing influenced him. Arnold does this without putting Gandhi on a pedestal or presenting him as flawless. The book is more of a study of Gandhi’s life rather than the typical biography. Arnold analyses and gives an overview of the most common titles given to Gandhi such as a†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Gandhi spent years in London as a student of law, where he further explored vegetarianism and began his â€Å"intellectual awakening, his moral maturation and the opening of his mind to spiritual questions† (34) and concerned himself with politics. Gandhi then went on to South Africa from 1893 to 1914 where many Indians were residing. Arnold recounts his various anti-racism strategies, and reveals how Gandhi acquired his title as the mahatma or â€Å"great soul†. South Africa is also where he began his non-violent methods of dealing with racial discrimination laws and Hind Swaraj, which is â€Å"Indian self rule†, against the British. He fought for the rights of Indians in Africa, especially against General Smuts’ plans â€Å"of stopping their immigration to South Africa†(60) using satyagraha, â€Å"truth force or s truggle for truth†, campaigns. But these campaigns did not work to the full degree, as there was still â€Å"anti-Indian prejudice† (60). From then on Gandhi spent the rest of his life in India (1915-48) bringing with him principles of satyagraha. Gandhi identified with the Indian villages and peasants, as they were less likely to be â€Å"tainted by luxury, self indulgence, and material possessions† (76). 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Business and Corporation Law of Contract

Question: Discuss about the Business and Corporation Law of Contract. Answer: Introduction: An agreement has been made between Jane and Jack in the Case Study where Jane has decided to sell her Lotus Super 7 Sports Car to Jack. Jane requires money to go overseas and this is the reason why she wants to sell her Sports Car. The car was in good condition although it is used by Jane. The offer has been accepted by Jack who has been made by Jane. Offer, acceptance, consideration and contractual invitation are the four basic elements of an English Contract Law. These elements have to be present when a contract is made in order to make the contract valid. Jane has made an offer to Jack and Jack has accepted the offer (McKendrick, 2014). The cases are described below according to the IRAC method. Issues According to section 9 of the contract law, an agreement has been made between two parties but although the market value of the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car is mentioned but the price of the sports car is not mentioned. The amount has not been stated by the offeror to the offeree. It is also not stated if the contract between Jane and Jack is in online, oral or in written form. Jack has accepted the offer without the knowledge of the price of the car. When each party in a contract receives something of value, is known as consideration. Consideration is applicable if it movers to the offeror and consideration which is made is sufficient. It is stated that the market value of the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car is $25000 but the price at which Jane sells her sports car to Jack has not been stated. Giving an advertisement properly is essential in an offer but it is not defined whether the contract is in good condition (Beale et al., 2010). Therefore there is a restricted method in which the contra ct took place. The issue is that the amount at which Jane has offered to sell her sports car to Jack has not been stated in this case. Jane offered to sell her sports car at the same rate as the market price which is $25000. The sports car has been used by Jane and therefore it is sold at a second hand rate. There has been an obligation of Jane according to the article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (Hunter, 2015). According to this law, the price of a second hand object should be lesser than the market price. Acceptance has been made by Jack but the rate of the sports car is not lesser than the market price although it is a second hand product. There is a contractual invitation but the advertisement given by Jane is inappropriate. So there is an issue or obligation in this case as the Uniform Commercial Case is not followed in this case (Graw, 2012). Jane sells the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car to Jack for $2500. The market value of the Lotus Super 7 Sports car is $25000. So Jane is selling the Sports car at a very less price. Therefore she runs a loss. The contract is enforced when consideration is appropriate and there is profit on the part of the offeror according to the contract law. All the elements of the contract must be applied in order to enforce the contractual agreement. The main issue in this case is that Jane who is the offeror is running a loss. Rules The terms of the contract requires to be expressed clearly according to section 9 of the Contract Law but the price of the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car has not been stated by Jane in the agreement. There is contractual invitation but there is no consideration from the offeror to the offeree. Therefore there is a breach in selling the goods according to section 7 of the Contract Law. Jack has accepted the offer without the knowledge about the price of the sports car (Anson et al., 2010). The question may arise on expressive terms and Jack may ask about the price of the sports car according to consumer rights. According to article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), Jane cannot keep the same price of a second hand sports car to that of the market value. The sales of goods are not proper and obligation on the part Jane who is the seller has taken place in this case. Therefore there is a breach in the article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Jane runs a loss because she sells the sports car at a very less price. This is because she does not know the estimation of the market value and the method of Sales of goods. Jane has not followed section 52 and section 54 of the property act 1925. (Furmston, Cheshire, Fifoot, 2012) There is also a breach in the section 12 and section 15 of the Sales of Goods Act in this contract and the seller has suffered a loss as she fixed the price of the sports car at a very less price which is $2500 when she bought it at $25000 as this is the market value of the sports car. Application The rules of section 7 and section 9 of the sales of goods act should not be breached in order to solve the problem in this case. Jane requires stating the value of the sports car clearly in order to make a valid agreement to Jack. There is a contractual invitation as the offer is accepted by Jack. But there is no consideration because the method of agreement and the value of the sports car are not stated by Jane and Jack has accepted the offer without the knowledge of the price of the sports car. The issue could be solved by following the sales of goods act and the commercial code rules and Jane requires studying the market value of the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car before she fixes the price of the sports car in order to solve the issue (Koffman, Macdonald, 2010). She should fix the price of the sports car at a lower price than the market value of the sports car then the issue would be solved. This issue in this case could be solved by the solution to the sales of goods act and the property act. Jane requires studying the market value of the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car to make the contract properly and should increase the price of the sports car so that she does not run a loss and should fix the price of the sports car according to the Property Act 1925. The Property Act 1925 has the rules which are stated about fixing the price of second hand property or material (O'Sullivan Hilliard, 2016). Conclusion Rules of the contract law have not been followed in the cases while making an agreement. There is a breach of the rules of the UK contract law in these cases. A solution to the breach of the rules of contract law should be organised legally for solving the cases. There are all the elements of a contract including offer, acceptance, consideration and contractual invitation (Burrows, Todd, Finn, 2012). All the rules of the contract is clearly described above which are required in applying the contract for making a valid agreement between the parties and consideration should take place in these cases. A contract took place between the Ship builder (manufacturer) and a tanker company North Ocean Tankers. Here a deal took place between the manufacturer and the customer. The negotiation or contract took place as per regulations of United States (Anson, et al. 2008). The contract formation was void and all the elements of the contract were present in this agreement but conflict occurred when US government devalued 10% currency of US. Whenever currency rises, it becomes problematic for the economist or business man of the country. So, the North Ocean Tankers also became the victim of this problem, when the Ship builder demands extra US$3 million from the North Ocean Tankers for constructing tankers. The seller or manufacturer demanded more money because he was running loss economically and as per his concept he was losing his time. The North Ocean Tankers had to agree because the delivery of tanker was very essential in time. After delivery of 9 months of the product, the North Ocean T ankers did not pay the money of the Ship builder which is misrepresentation. The North Ocean tankers was making astray to the ship builder by falsification and stretching more time. This scenario have some problems which solved by applying several legal rules and regulation following the IRAC method in the consequences described below. Issues As per US law, the agreement was void and proper at first but issue aroused when the government of United States devalued 10% currency of the country. The devaluation gave negative effect to the industrialization where the industries like North Ocean tankers started running economic loss and the manufacturer like Ship builder also started suffering manually and running loss economically. On that perspective, the manufacturer demanded extra charge of US$3 million. As a promisor, the North Ocean Tankers accepted the demand because of the urgent requirement of the delivery. To pay the money, the company needs financial strength but North Ocean Tankers was running economical loss because of the devaluation of currency. In this context the buyer is the promisor and the seller is the promisee. The promisor promised that they will pay extra charge to the promisee in time but the time extended after delivery but the promisor fail to pay the money to the promisee (Elliott, et al. 2007). But a s they has made false promise and misrepresentation, so in this case the promisee (Ship builder) can sue the North Ocean Tankers (Promisor) for breaching the terms of the contract and for taking the delivery by straying him on false promise of providing money in time. Rules A contract as per negotiation between two parties took place in terms of US regulation that follows the rules of Federal arbitration act. At first a contract took place between the company and the manufacturer for constructing a tank, and then when the currency devalued, again a new agreement took place but problem aroused because that agreement clause was not stated in the contract (Federal Arbitration Act at 80, 2004). It is necessary that when anything is reviewed or added in a contract the rules of Contract review act should be followed in that case. As per that act new contract papers should be made where the rules and regulations and new clauses of the agreement should be added. As second agreement was made between the Ship builder and the North Ocean tankers, so as per English law the clause of increment of extra charge delivery to the ship builder should be mentioned in the new contract paper. All these are the loopholes of the contract. The promisor (North Ocean Tankers) vio lated the rules of negotiation by extending time for paying money to the promisee. Breach of negotiation took place in this case. The promisee can file case against the promisor for breaching the promise and if he takes the case to English court then the behaviour will be termed as Unconscionability (Kennedy, 2010). The ship builder can sue the North Ocean Tankers in perspective of Misrepresentation act 1967. As the promisor has did false promise to the promisee that he will pay the money to him after delivery but after 9 months of the product delivery the money is not paid to the promisee (Misrepresentation [H.L.], 2007). Even breach of Federal arbitration act has also taken place here. So the Ship builder has right to sue him to the court. Application In this case the manufacturer (Ship builder) runs loss and punitive dispute occurred in this case. Here the extra wages has not been delivered to the ship builder in time. So remedy should be applied in this case. The ship builder can whether sue the company under misrepresentation act or use remedy like reinstitution and cancellation to solve the case and claim the money from the North Ocean Tankers (Misrepresentation [H.L.], 2007). It is necessary that some remedies should be applied through which the company can rescue themselves. The company is going through financial loss because of the fall of the currency of United States (Emerson, 2004). Their economic condition is not stable, so they are unable to deliver the extra charge to the Ship builder in time. This is the main reason that they are taking more time to pay their debt. In this case as per rules of US government, the company can take help of the English law and apply Bankruptcy act 1966 (Nichols, P, 2012). As per this act, the company has to give proof of their bankruptcy and if the appeal of the company is granted then, the court will give 6 months time to pay the debt to the promisee and till that time the promisee (ship builders) has to wait for the money. This is the only remedy which can help the North Ocean Tankers company to rescue from these severe problems from the Ship builder in perspective of US law. Conclusion A negotiable contract took place between the manufacturer and the customer. The contract is negatively affected in this case. This affected both the promisor and promisee and both are in false position enhancing wrong result of the agreement formation. When external clause was added in the contract, it changed the contract and both promisor and promisee has lost financially (Anson, et al. 2008). In this case the contract took place under Federal arbitration act of US, but when extra clauses were added, contract review does not take place. Breach of negotiation occurred and falsification of promise occurred which can be punishable under misinterpretation act but as the promisor is running economic loss, so he can take the help of US government for remedy and through bankruptcy act he can be rescued from court under US law. This assignment can be concluded by showing these remedy which can solve the problem. References: Anson, W. Huffcut, E. (2008). Principles of the English law of contract (3rd ed.). New York: Banks Law Pub. Co. Anson, W. R., Beatson, J., Burrows, A. S., Cartwright, J. (2010). Anson's law of contract. Oxford University Press. Beale, H., Tallon, D., Vogenauer, S., Rutgers, J. W., Fauvarque-Cosson, B. (2010). Cases, materials and text on contract law. Hart. Burrows, J. F., Todd, S. M., Finn, J. (2012). Law of contract in New Zealand. LexisNexis NZ. Elliott, C. Quinn, F. (2007). Contract law. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Emerson, R. (2004). Business law. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's. Federal Arbitration Act at 80. (2004). New YorK?. Furmston, M. P., Cheshire, G. C., Fifoot, C. H. S. (2012). Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's law of contract. Oxford University Press. Graw, S. (2012). An introduction to the law of contract. Hunter, H. (2015). Modern Law of Contracts. Kennedy, G. (2010). Negotiation. London: Profile. Koffman, L., Macdonald, E. (2010). The law of contract. Oxford University Press. McKendrick, E. (2014). Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Misrepresentation [H.L.] A bill intituled an act to amend the law relating to innocent misrepresentations and to amend sections 11 and 35 of the Sale of Goods Act 1893. (2007). Cambridge [England]. Nichols, P. (2012). Bankruptcy Act 1966. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. O'Sullivan, J., Hilliard, J. (2016). The law of contract. Oxford University Press.

Maya Angelou Essay Research Paper Example

Maya Angelou Essay Paper Maya Angelo Maya Angelo born Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4, 1928 and raised in SST. Lolls Missouri and Stamps, Arkansas Is an Author, great Poet, historian, songwriter, and much more. She was the first black woman director in Hollywood and she also delivered a poem at the inauguration for president Bill Clinton at his request called On The Pulse of The Morning. Maya Angelo also was a civil rights activist who was fortunate enough to be able to work with DRP. Martin Luther King Jar. She is also known for the many books she has written one of the greatest of all time Is l know why the age bird sings. (Www. Poets. Org) In my pollen Maya Angelo Is an all around great person I think she has Inspired us all in ma Poem 1 Is called Alone By Maya Angelo. The poem Alone is about it doesnt matter how much money or anything you have you cant do something alone. Its also saying that everybody needs help with something that you cant do everything by yourself eventually you will need somebody and their help. We will write a custom essay sample on Maya Angelou Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Maya Angelou Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Maya Angelou Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The poem begins to shift when in the first stanza at the beginning of the poem Its saying how she was trying to find her OLL a home basically saying she was alone to the third stanza where It says that even millionaires with money still need help with something they cant do it by themselves even though they have expensive doctors to cure their hearts and so forth. (Www. Poets. Org) Maya Angelo calls poem 2 Still I Rise. The poem Still I Rise is mainly about her saying that If you dont care for her she will not let that bring her down, and that the more you try and bring her down she will continue to rise. Shes also stating that she doesnt care what they think of her she will continue to be her while striving for the est. and talking about her and not liking her doesnt bother her she continues to keep going at whatever shes doing not mattering what you are trying to do to hurt or stop her or even bring her down. The poem beings to shift starting at the first stanza at the beginning of the poem stating that you can write her down in history with your bitter, twisted lies but still she rise which means you can do what you want to her shes not going to let It stop her to the second stanza where It says Does my gassiness upset you? Which basically she Is asking does the way she carries herself ND how and what she does bother them. (WV. Poets. Org) Critics say Maya Angelo uses too many past experiences when she writes her poems. Another critic says that she somewhat criticizes other poets work which they say Is a form an Inhumanity. They also say she discusses other writers social condition s. A very Interesting critic to me says that In her autobiography has a form of imprisonment because of her telling what happened to her in her childhood other girls who read it may grow up into women with that consciousness. But there were also some good critics saying that she tells the truth and that they like it also one more says that they like the sense of black-speech rhythms. (Www. Bookings. Com/ criticisms/Maya_Angelo). I dont agree with most of the critics and what they say about her I love Maya Angelo as a poet and her poems have Inspired me In many Deterrent ways. Me personally I dont tank any poem or anything can Inspire you good or bad unless you let it. I also agree with the critic who says she uses black-speech rhythms I absolutely love it.

Free Essays on Martin Buber And Mary Midgely

Martin Buber’s work What is Man?is a work aimed at unpacking the question asked in the title. The work deals with understanding the question as opposed to answering it. Buber addresses with the question using philosophical anthropology in order to look at man in his most elemental form. Defining man is an immeasurably large task. In undertaking such an endeavor one must look at people collectively and account for difference in every sense(sex, role, age, ethnicity, character type, etc.), but one also must look at man himself. Man must examine how he is different from other â€Å"bearers of consciousness†(64A) like animals. Man must know himself in order to define himself, which is precisely why Buber suggests the use of Philosophical Anthropology. Philosophical Anthropology is not aimed at providing a different view-point on human existence, â€Å"it is solely intent on knowing man himself†(64B). It is a unique area of study because a man is not just the observer, but he is the subject himself, and cannot separate himself and look only at the human race, but he must contemplate himself with respect to all others. Moreover, the philosophical anthropologist cannot consider himself an object of study, but only is truly studying himself from a philosophical anthropological view if he includes his own subjectivity. He must enter completely into the act of self-reflection, and then build all knowledge of man around that core of understanding he gains from himself. Bernhard Graethuysen defines the significance by saying that with Aristotle â€Å"man ceases to be problematic, with him man speaks of himself always as it were in the third person†¦ The special dimension, in which man knows himself as he can know himself alone, remains unentered, and for that reason man’s special place in the cosmos remains undiscovered.†(65B) Mary Midgley’s On Not Being Afraid of Natural Sex Differences discusses â€Å"How far are we essentially the... Free Essays on Martin Buber And Mary Midgely Free Essays on Martin Buber And Mary Midgely Martin Buber’s work What is Man?is a work aimed at unpacking the question asked in the title. The work deals with understanding the question as opposed to answering it. Buber addresses with the question using philosophical anthropology in order to look at man in his most elemental form. Defining man is an immeasurably large task. In undertaking such an endeavor one must look at people collectively and account for difference in every sense(sex, role, age, ethnicity, character type, etc.), but one also must look at man himself. Man must examine how he is different from other â€Å"bearers of consciousness†(64A) like animals. Man must know himself in order to define himself, which is precisely why Buber suggests the use of Philosophical Anthropology. Philosophical Anthropology is not aimed at providing a different view-point on human existence, â€Å"it is solely intent on knowing man himself†(64B). It is a unique area of study because a man is not just the observer, but he is the subject himself, and cannot separate himself and look only at the human race, but he must contemplate himself with respect to all others. Moreover, the philosophical anthropologist cannot consider himself an object of study, but only is truly studying himself from a philosophical anthropological view if he includes his own subjectivity. He must enter completely into the act of self-reflection, and then build all knowledge of man around that core of understanding he gains from himself. Bernhard Graethuysen defines the significance by saying that with Aristotle â€Å"man ceases to be problematic, with him man speaks of himself always as it were in the third person†¦ The special dimension, in which man knows himself as he can know himself alone, remains unentered, and for that reason man’s special place in the cosmos remains undiscovered.†(65B) Mary Midgley’s On Not Being Afraid of Natural Sex Differences discusses â€Å"How far are we essentially the...

Digital electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Digital electronics - Essay Example Another application for Flip-Flops is division frequency devices. From J-K flip-flop can be used to build a frequency divider by taking the output of one cell to the clock input of the next. The J and K inputs of each flip-flop are set to 1 to produce a toggle at each cycle of the clock input. For each two toggles of the first cell, a toggle is produced in the second cell, so its output is at half the frequency of the first. Specifically, the combination J = 1, K = 0 is a command to set the flip-flop; the combination J = 0, K = 1 is a command to reset the flip-flop; and the combination J = K = 1 is a command to toggle the flip-flop, i.e., change its output to the logical complement of its current value. Both PS and CLR HIGH, a negative-going CLK, and J and K at 0, or LOW. In this condition the FF holds the previous condition of the output. In this case the FF is reset. If the circuit were set when these inputs occurred, it would remain set. In the following experiment we build a binary counter using J-K flip-flops by taking the output of one cell to the clock input of the next. The J, K inputs of each flip-flop are set to 1 to get toggle at each clock pulse. For each two toggles of the first cell, a toggle is produced in the second cell, and so on. This produces a binary counter device. The count can be in forward or backward direction making a modification like shown below. The BCD counter showed above can be build using several binary counters but with a small modification, by terminating the count when the count reaches decimal 9 or binary 1001. Since the next toggle would set the two most significant bits a NAND gates tied from those two outputs to the asynchronous clear line will start the count over after 9. A 2-bit binary counter using two J-K flip-flops is done by taking the output Q of one J-K flip-flop to the clock input of the next. The J, K inputs of each flip-flop are set to 1 to

How Would You Value a Firm That You Were Trying To Purchase Research Paper

How Would You Value a Firm That You Were Trying To Purchase - Research Paper Example Holton and Bates 2009, elucidates that there are a number of methods through which a potential purchaser of a particular firm may apply in an effort to realize the value of that firm. The methods may include: Free Cash Flow Methods, Asset-Based Methods, Option-Based Valuation method, and the method of using Comparables, These tools or methods of valuations would in return assist the potential purchaser of the firm to analyze and make an informed purchasing choice. Discussion To begin with, the asset-based method can be efficiently used be an intending purchaser to value a give firm. This method reveals the book value of a firm’s equity. In simpler terms, the asset based method shows the asset value of a firm or a company, less the debts of the firm. According to Strauss, 2011, a potential purchaser of a firm may find this method of valuation helpful since a company’s equity is all that a firm can be left with in an instance where it suddenly halt its selling its product s or making money. This equity may be current assets, shareholders equity, and cash as tangible things, as well as brand name and management as intangible qualities. The shortcomings of this method however is that there are some hidden assets that cannot be revealed. This may happen in instances where a piece of a firm land was purchased years ago and the value of that land has been kept as it was despite the appreciation that has dramatically taken place. Another method may be used to value a firm is by using comparables. This method is one of the most common means through which a company valuation is done by simply using the earnings that a company gets. The earnings of a firm sometimes referred to as the net profit or net income can be said to be the amount of money that a firm is left with after it has paid all its bills or debts. In most cases, earning of a firm is measured according to the earnings per share. Earnings per share can be calculated by dividing the amount of earni ng a firm reports by the outstanding number of shares the firm has. Even though this method may be helpful to an individual intending to purchase a given firm, it falls short of other aspects of valuing a firm such as the firm assets which are an importance aspect of valuation in any business (Mayo 2010) Further, free cash flow method may be used in an attempt to value the worth of a given firm. Even though most of the individual investors are not conversant with cash flow, this method is commonly used for valuation of both private and public firms especially by the bankers. Cash flow can be described as the company’s earnings before taxes, interest amortization and depreciation. This method may however be ineffective in valuing a firm worth and the actual business earnings since the taxes and other costs are not subtracted from the general earning. Taxes payable by a given firm may vary depending on the laws governing taxation in a particular financial year and even though t he earnings of a given firm may be hefty the amount of taxes may be large thus the secondary costs or company’s profits may be uncertain. Finally, a person may opt to use the option based method to value the worth of a firm before purchasing that firm. There are several other techniques of firm valuation as aforementioned

Prepositional Phrases Essay Example for Free

Prepositional Phrases Essay Once, there was a little girl named Matilda. Her father worked for an organization concerned with the health of the people, so Matilda was used to traveling all across the city, and all over the world. At age seven, she demonstrated the abilities of an eighteen year old. Being exposed to the kind of work his father had, Matilda had always been filled with concern for those in need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Matilda was walking home, she was interrupted by a citizen, who looked familiar to her. She realized that it was her old neighbor, Mrs. Paterson, who left their street three years ago. Matilda remembered her to be a very pretty lady who loved to help other people. Her family was rich, but she opted to live a very simple lifestyle. Unlike before, Mrs. Paterson looked different—her clothes were shabby, her hair was chaotic, and her beautiful face was covered with dirt. Matilda was surprised with what she had seen, and asked Mrs. Paterson about it. Soon, Matilda learned that Mrs. Patersons husband had a gambling problem, causing them to lose all of their wealth. Mrs. Paterson broke into tears telling her that their only daughter, Morgan, who was only three years old, was diagnosed with a rare liver disease that could actually take her life. She had to undergo a new treatment and surgery that was costly for her parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Without hesitation, Matilda volunteered to help in order to give Morgan the treatment she needed. She had flyers distributed and posted around the park, and in the different areas in the city. Matilda was very much determined, with her friends doing much of the postings. Unsatisfied with the results, Matilda wrote to the mayor of their city to ask for assistance. The mayor was touched with Matildas kindness, and her story was known by everyone. It was even published in the newspaper, drawing much attention from the whole world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the end, Matilda was able to raise money for Morgans sensitive operation that practically saved her life. Mr. Mrs. Paterson were able to start anew with the money that Matilda had given them. Matilda, on the other hand, was filled with happiness and content for the good deed that she has done. The mayor, and the town, were deeply affected with the kindness that the little girl offered, giving Matilda her own â€Å"Matilda Day†, falling on her birthday. All is well.

Some Tips On Car Restoration Essay example -- essays research papers

Some Tips on Car Restoration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whenever someone decides to take the initiative to restore a car, it requires a serious commitment. I have seen too many people begin work and never finish. The successful car restorer chooses a car that fits his/her personality and budget, and follows the job through to the end. One must have a love for the process as well as the product, or the project will be rushed and end up to be worthless. I learned this tedious process when I was just fourteen years old, barely able to perform the difficult and sometimes dangerous tasks that are required to complete a show car. I would not recommend taking the steps I did my first time, so I will outline the best method I have learned through experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most restoration projects are simple vehicles to begin with, so it isn't very difficult to know what's what. For those of us who don't know all the tricks or don't like to write things down I think a book is very helpful. I recommend one from the Chilton's Automotive Guide series. These guides are available for almost any car, so finding one for your project should not be a problem. They feature blown up diagrams of the complicated systems of the car like the distributor, under-dash wiring, and engine internals. This can be very helpful in those frustrating times when there are parts strewn from wall to wall in no particular order. Mine was an integral part of the process on my 1969 Chevy project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people who are new to the project car scene tend to begin the project with cosmetics such as paint, interior vinyl and carpeting, and chromed accessories. This will not pay off in the end. The place to start is with the engine and suspension. In doing this at the beginning, you will minimize the chance of damaging expensive cosmetics and having to redo your work unnecessarily. For example, I was doing some major engine work after my car had been painted, and a slight shift of the hydraulic engine lift spelled disaster for a section of my newly coated fender. If the suspension components of your car are badly worn, consider replacement. A good way to check for broken or worn components in the front suspension is to lift the frame of the car until the front wheels leave the ground; then put one hand on each side of the tire and try and move it back an... ...ork you have done and it will transform the car's appearance drastically. Painting a car is an extremely delicate art, and equipment such as a spray booth and compressors are absolutely necessary to do the job right. After putting on a good set of tires and wheels that have been painted and polished and adding a few more personal touches, your project car is ready to drive. I went to a car show in Hershey, Pennsylvania and picked up a set of four 1973 Buick wheels that resembled the 1969 Chevy's. A little polish and touch-up paint made them look like new. If you buy used wheels, pay very close attention to the edges to make sure there are no irregularities to cause a vibration at high speeds. Common sense is the only thing you need to refer to when picking up used parts. If the time is taken to do each step correctly, the result is phenomenal. The work is never done, however. An antique is always in need of attention and maintenance, and you cannot afford to let your restoration work and money go to waste. These projects have proven to be some of the most rewarding hobbies in my life, as well as for countless other people who enjoy hands-on work and a thrilling driving experience.

Cap and Trade Policy Paper Essay

Introduction: The issue of carbon emissions is an important one not only from an environmental perspective but also an economic one. While reducing carbon emissions is an important one for the health of human beings as well as that of the environment, the larger question is what type of policy strategy is best for both reducing such emissions which might have an impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of pollution on climate change. While ther are options to consider which does not rely on economics– technological or output standards achieved by command and control regulations–they are often fraught with political resistance by industry because they do not allow industry to make any choices or play a role in solving the problem of excessive emissions and the burden that these emissions place on others. Instead of such draconian measures based on fiat, the preferred options rely on economic tools instead to provide incentives to industry to police itself by either incenting investment in emission-reducing and/or energy saving technologies or to reduce production in line with the total/social-costs rather than just the private/ producer-costs of production. Two such economic policies to consider in this regard are emission taxes and cap-and-trade policies. Overview of Policy Problem: Carbon emissions reduction Consider a company that faces an increasing marginal pollution abatement cost curve as in the Figure 1. Left unregulated it will choose not to reduce its carbon emissions (a.k.a abate carbon emissions) and avert facing the costs of abatement represented by the area underneath the marginal abatement cost curve represented by area (B + C + D) in the diagram below. Figure 1: Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits of Reducing Carbon Emissions [pic] Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. Suppose that policy analysts have determined that the economically efficient level of pollution abatement occurs at the point where marginal benefits of abatement equal the marginal cost costs of abatement as is suggested in economic theory. The resulting level of carbon emissions is e* (reduction in emissions is measured from the far right in the diagram above to the pointe*). The question is what policy to follow to achieve e*: either some type of fiat policy involving either some type of output restriction or requiring use of a particular pollution-control technology or some type of policy that involves financial incentives to reduce emissions. This paper hypothesizes that policy options involving economic incentives are preferable to those options that involve regulatory fiat. Specification of Economic Policy Models: 1) A Carbon Emissions Tax: One policy instrument that can be used to achieve this level of abatement is to set a tax where marginal benefit equals marginal cost — represented by the horizontal â€Å"tax† line in the Figure 2 below. Under such a scheme, the polluter will find that it is cheaper to reduce carbon emissions so long as the marginal cost is lower than the tax. Since the tax bill (A + B) is great than the marginal abatement cost bill (B) to the left of the point e*, the firm will choose to reduce emissions up to the level of C with the remaining emissions level indicated in figure 2 measured from the right in the diagram. To the right of e*, the marginal abatement costs, represented by areas C + D, are greater than the tax bill (area D) so the firm will choose to pay the tax and continue to emit pollutants beyond e*. Figure 2: The Carbon Emissions Tax [pic] Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. So long as the marginal costs and benefits of abatement can be known with certainty, an emissions tax can be set at the point of intersection of these two measures resulting in an efficient level of pollution emissions at e* with total abatement costs (including taxes paid) to the polluter of area B+D and providing the government with revenues represented by D (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). It is when these marginal costs and marginal benefits are either not measurable in their entirety or when there is uncertainty about the figures obtained that leads to added questions as to whether this would be the best policy to follow. 2) A Cap Policy: An alternative policy to an emissions tax to achieve reductions in emissions through the tools of economics is to set a cap at the point where marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost of reducing emissions/abatement — represented by the vertical â€Å"cap† line in Figure 3 below. The polluting firm must reduce its carbon emissions to e* where the marginal social cost of reducing emissions equals the marginal social benefit of the products produced by the polluter. Such a policy–if the social costs and social benefits can be measured accurately—results in an efficient level of emissions produced/reduced at e* with an abatement cost borne by Figure 3: Cap Policy for Each Firm [pic] Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. the polluter equivalent to area B (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). The issue is whether total social costs can be measured and measured accurately in order to set such a policy at the correct or efficient level of emissions for each firm. Normally such policies do not result in efficiency even though an efficient level of overall emissions can be attained since it does not account for different costs of abatement in different firms. That is, a level of emissions can be attained that is equivalent to that achieved under an economically efficient policy but the level is not achieved at the lowest overall cost. One way of obtaining individual caps is for the government to auction off emission permits that total the pre-set amount of emissions that it feels is optimal. Firms with higher costs of reducing emissions will bid higher than firms with lower cost structures. Again, the only problem is determining what the total amount of emissions should be reflecting all social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions. 3) A Cap-and-Trade Policy An added twist on the cap policy allows firms to trade emission allotments between themselves based on the buyer of allotment bargaining with the seller over the proper price to pay for the extra allotment. A two-panel diagram is needed to better understand the logic of trading emission allotments. Figure 4 illustrates the marginal cost of reducing emissions of two firms. One firm is run on older technology with high abatement costs that goes from right to left with zero costs represented at the lower right-hand corner of the diagram. The other firm has newer technology in its plant with lower abatement costs that goes left to right with zero costs represented at the lower left-hand corner of the diagram. The width of the horizontal axis is the reduction in emissions that must be achieved overall to an efficient level. The intersection of the two marginal cost curves is where economic efficiency is achieved. That is, the value achieved Figure 4. Cap-and-Trade Between Firms Policy Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. from the last dollar expended on abatement must be the same across all firms in the market. This is known as the equimarginal principle (Boyes and Melvin, 2011,122). The total cost of attaining the efficient abatement/emissions level is equal to the area C + G + K. At the efficient level of emissions, e*, the low cost (of reducing emissions) firm should reduce more emissions than the high cost (or reducing emissions) firm. Such a policy can be implemented by issuing carbon permits to different firms and allowing them to buy and sell their permits in the open market. Normally, equal amounts of permits are issued to each firm since it is difficult to assess the true abatement cost a priori. In the end, the marketplace will help determine the differences in cost structure depending on how high a firm is willing to bid for an extra permit or two (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). As with the individual firm cap policy, the cap-and-trade policy is predicated on the government being able to determine the optimal level of total emissions desired reflecting social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions. Combining the different economic policy options together, it is obvious that it is possible to achieve the same level of reduction in emissions by setting a tax at the same level as where the marginal costs of reducing emissions is the same between firms which is at the level represented by the horizontal line in Figure 4 above. As above, the polluting firms will notice that it is cheaper to abate carbon emissions as long as the marginal abatement cost is lower than the tax. The firms with the higher cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from right to left and incur abatement costs equivalent to area K and pay taxes equivalent to area B+C+F+G. The firms with the lower cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from left to right and incur abatement costs of C+G and pay taxes equivalent to areas J + K in Figure 4. Setting a cap on each individual firm will produce the same level of reduction in emissions, but given that it is difficult, if not impossible, to individualized caps based on different cost structures of abatement, an efficient outcome is difficult to achieve under such a policy even though emissions are reduced to the same overall level. Regarding the market failure due to the negative carbon externality, both a carbon tax and carbon cap-and-trade will achieve the same level of increased efficiency–assuming that measurements of costs and benefits can be measured accurately– by reducing emissions to the optimal level at minimum cost. The real difference in these policies is due to differences in the distribution of costs. In the carbon tax policy, the government receives added revenues while in the cap and cap-and-trade policies when permits are simply handed out to firms, the firm has no additional outlays other than the cost of abatement to stay within the cap or to purchase additional allotment from other firms. If the permits are initially auctioned off by the government, the additional revenues to the government should be nearly the same as with a tax scheme if marginal social costs and benefits have been measured accurately. However, the economics-based policies are preferable to policies based on fiat where specific technologies (e.g., smoke-stack scrubbers) or a uniform cap on emission outputs across all firms since these other policies fail to take into account social costs and benefits. With regard to the economics-based policies, the following added impacts may also occur. First, in addition to static efficiency–efficiency occurring within a single period of time–there may also be dynamic efficiency within these policy schemes whereby firms have an incentive to adopt new technology over time to reduce their marginal costs of reducing carbon emissions (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). Secondly, carbon emission taxes and/or auctioning permits will generate additional government revenue that might be used to offset various distortionary taxes on labour and/or capital (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). Evidence and Analysis: There are various problems associated with the design of emissions tax regimes warranting discussion. First, if such a tax were placed on individuals rather than firms without any offsetting changes in other taxes or government transfers, a carbon tax might be regressive suggesting that the highest tax burden would be placed on the poor (Poterba, 1991, 11). This is mostly applicable to gasoline taxes where a flat emissions tax would make up a higher percentage of the income of poorer over wealthier taxpayers; thus, an issue of equity arises here. Likewise, firms with higher profit margins would shoulder less burden from the tax than firms with lower profit margins given a similar costs of pollution abatement. Poterba (1991) suggests that this regressiveness could be offset by changes in either the direct tax system or in government transfers. Second, as the population grows and production totals continue to increase to meet the demands of this growing population, emission taxes will need to rise to keep emissions at a particular level; this may lead to a set of distortions in terms of domestic vs. foreign production whereby firms can transfer production to other jurisdictions that do not have such taxes in place. Thus, international trade leads to an opportunity to get around the tax scheme and the higher the taxes instituted, the higher the incentive to engage in such behaviour. Thus, if emission taxes differ significantly between two neighbouring jurisdiction–for example, the State of New York and Connecticut or even New York and one of its neighbouring Canadian provinces–there is an inherent incentive to move production outside of the jurisdiction with the highest taxes and import products from elsewhere. Third, a central issue regarding the design of carbon emissions taxes to harmonize such polities with other fiscal instruments designed to mitigate the effects of climate change. For instance, it is important to ensure that taxes on chlorofluorocarbons and emissions from fossil fuels are comparable to avoid distortions in consumption that may lead to a worse outcome for the environment than in the absence of such policies (Poterba, 1991, 27). Bosquet (2000) conducted a review of the evidence regarding the impact of carbon emissions taxes on the environment and the economy. She claims that environmental taxes involve the shifting of tax burden from employment, income, and investment to resource depletion and waste. She asks the general question of whether such tax reform can produce a double benefit by helping the environment and the economy simultaneously. Based on her reviews of the literature and available evidence, she concludes that when emissions taxes are instituted, they are generally associated with reductions in payroll taxes, and–if wage-price inï ¬â€šation is prevented–they often result in signiï ¬ cant reductions in pollution and small gains in employment (Bosquet, 2000, 19). Also associated with the implementation of such environmental taxes are also marginal changes–gains or losses– in production in the short to medium term, while investments decease marginally and prices increase. However, she cautions that the results of such environmental taxes in the long-term are less certain (Bosquet, 2000, 29). With regard to cap and cap-and-trade policies, the evidence is also available regarding the effectiveness and consequences of such policies. Stavins (2008) describes a graduated cap-and-trade scheme that involves initially just Carbon gasses with 50% of permits issued to polluters in the market free of charge and other half auctioned off. Over 25 years, the percentage auctioned off annually will gradually increase to 100% and other greenhouse gas emissions will be included over this time span. The idea is to implement a gradual iterative policy with a slow trajectory of emission reductions. As time goes on, other emissions are included in this scheme and the system provides for harmonizing this scheme over time with effective cap-and-trade systems and other emission credit reduction programs in other jurisdictions. This harmonization effectively addresses the issue raised with emission tax policies that are unilaterally established in one jurisdiction without consideration for the po licies in neighbouring jurisdictions. If there is an effective way to dovetail policies in different jurisdiction, then this would level the playing field between domestic and imported products. Regarding actual cap-and-trade policies already in place, Colby (2000) analyzes a cap-and-trade policy for limiting Sulfur Dioxide emissions. The changes stemmed from the Clean Air Act of 1990 which allowed for a nationwide cap-and-trade policy for industrial firms emitting sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Marginal costs of reducing emissions fell substantially duringn the 1990s due to reduced costs of installing scrubbers, reduced costs of flue gas desulfurization, and falling costs for low sulfur coal all due, to a large extent, to an active program of trading/buying allowances between firms that emerged after a few years of experience after the program was initiated. As Colby (2000) states, â€Å"The allowance trading market enhanced competition among the different methods that firms use to control emissions, adding impetus to cost reductions† (Colby, 2000, 642). Low allowance prices and falling marginal costs associated with reducing emissions produced earlier-than-predicted cutbacks in sulfur dioxide emissions. Allowance prices rose from lows of $80-90/unit in 1996 to about $215/unit in mid-1999 spurring further conservation efforts. Colby (2002) does mention that design and implementation of cap-and-trade schemes involves some important policy tradeoffs: equity among the players, balancing use levels with resource conditions, facilitating transactions between firms wishing to trade allowances, accurate accounting for externality costs, assuring adequate monitoring of emissions levels, and documenting welfare gains due to the policy. She says that efficient trading mechanisms can be more easily implemented when there is a strong political or legal mandate to cap resource use and trading allowances are sensed by all parties involved to be a way to ease adjustment to limits on emissions (Colby, 2000, 638). In choosing between the various policies, it is inevitably important to sense the level of uncertainty over measuring the items of interest. With regard to emissions taxes, it is important to have fairly accurate estimates of marginal social costs and benefits and with regard to cap-and-trade schemes, there needs to also be a fairly accurate means of estimating the optimal level of emissions given all the costs and benefits involved in reducing emissions. If it becomes difficult to measure these items accurately, then the expected deadweight loss and associate probabilities of various miscalculations needs to be assessed and compared across the different strategies to determine the policy that produces the smallest expected deadweight loss which is key from an economic perspective. Since policies based on fiat, such as technology mandates and non-economically based output standards, are not set with regard to these types of measures, it is likely that the deadweight economic loss associated with these policies will be greater than for either emissions taxes or better yet, cap-and-trade policies. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that economics-based emissions policies are preferred over policies based on fiat. Moreover, the strongest evidence for promoting investment in pollution control equipment and reducing emissions that mitigate the effects of climate change appear to involve cap-and-trade policies. Partially, this might be due to the flexible design of such policies which—through the auctioning and/or trading of allowances—account for changing market conditions. This policy, even more so than emission taxes, forces the industry to face current market conditions through the use of auctions and trading for emission allowances. As a result, the parties are forced to make choices based on strong economic criteria to obtain efficiencies over time. Works cited: Bosquet B. 2000. Environmental Tax Reform: Does It Work? A Survey of The Empirical Evidence. Ecological Economics. 34, 19-32, Colby G. 2000. Cap-and-Trade Policy Challenges: A Tale of Three Markets. Land Economics, 76, 638-658. Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade. 2012. Website. Retrieved on June 5th, 2012 from http://www.env-econ.net/carbon_tax_vs_capandtrade.html Melvin W. Boyes M. 2011. Microeconomics. 9th ed. Marion, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, Poterba JM. 1991. Tax Policy to Combat Global Warming: On Designing a Carbon Tax. NBER Working Paper. MIT-CEPR 91-003WP. Retrieved on June 7th, 2012 from http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/50159/28596145.pdf?sequ Stavins RN. 2008. Addressing Climate Change with a Comprehensive U.S. Cap-and-Trade System. Nota Di Lavoro 67.2008 Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. Retrieved on June 7th, 2012 from http://www.feem.it/userfiles/attach/Publication/NDL2008/NDL2008-067.pdf

Sociological Perspectives Dealing with Substance Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 857 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Substance Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Substance abuse is a huge part of society. People hear about or see the abuse of drugs all the time, on the new, social media, and in public. A functionalist would view substance abuse as a basic function for multiple different levels in society to survive and live. With substance abuse, there will be a lot of conflict because of people abusing prescription drugs. There is also symbolism used when it comes to substance abuse. Using these perspectives, it helps people understand substance abuse.   The first sociological perspective is functionalism. This was originally made by ?†°mile Durkheim. With this perspective, it shows society as multiple different parts that all are needed for something to function or work properly. An easy example of functionalism would be the human body or even a computer system. Everything in these systems is needed to function, if one thing is missing or goes out then the whole thing starts to shut down or have problems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sociological Perspectives Dealing with Substance Abuse" essay for you Create order When you look at functionalism and substance abuse it helps people understand the different parts it needs to function. It helps people who dont abuse substances know how it works and functions. Addiction is increasingly understood as a brain disease, many aspects of the problem that impinge on individual and community wellbeing are rooted in society, culture, and politics, and have changed over time (Herzberg et al., 2016:408). Substance abuse helps a lot of people in society. It helps the people selling and making the drugs get the profit they need from it. It makes the user have the high or satisfaction they want out of it., and it is giving jobs to people like police officers who are trying to stop or control it. All of these are needed to make substance abuse a function in society. The second perspective is the conflict theory which was made by Karl Marks. This perspective states that there is some sort of conflict that has come about because of limited resources. This theory sees society as classes having to compete for what they need or want. What they could be competing for could be things they want, what they need to survive, or to be treated equally. No matter how well something is set up there will always be some sort of conflict. With substance abuse there is always conflict, this is because there are always people who have easier access to get the drugs or they need to sell it to make money. Where someone lives, his or her race, age, and background can all tie into why someone abuses substances or has easier access to them. When someone is missing something, gets something taken away, does not have the money, or is treated unequally it can tie into substance abuse because it causes a conflict. Adolescence is the developmental period known for experimentation. Boredom, peer pressure, and curiosity are known culprits in the onset of substance abuse in adolescence. At-risk youth without a resilient constitution fall prey to the prolific environmental influences that saturate communities across the United States (Taylor, 2014:306). This quote shows that kids have an easier access to substance abuse because of everything around them. Kids arent the only ones who go through all of that, adults can and normally do too. There is a lot of conflict with substance abuse because there is always something missing or something that pushes you to it.   The final perspective is symbolic interactionism. This was created by George Herbert Mead. This perspective deals a lot with how people interact with each other every day. Symbolic interactionism looks at objects, behaviors, and symbols. This is very important because it helps to provide an explanation for things we experience. An example of this perspective would be hand gestures, one persons interpretation of a hand gesture will differ from someone else. Substance abuse deals with symbolic interactionism because the drug use normally happens from someone dealing with someone who already uses it. When someone goes through someone who has already used, he or she learns everything he or she needs to, the equipment, how to use it, how people react to it, and the best places to get it. Opiate use was most common among men who had grown up in large US cities, were less well educated and had family histories of drug use, crime, and delinquency (Hall and Weier, 2016:177). This quote shows that people who are around it or live with people who have had the abuse before are more likely to do it because they have already been in a way a part of it, they have interacted with it. People having that interaction makes it easier for them to abuse substances.   In conclusion, it is easy to see that these three perspectives help analyze society easier. Functionalism helps to show how everything is tied together basically the system of how people get the drugs. Conflict theory helps people understand why others abuse substances and how they get to that point. These could not be as strong without symbolic interactionism because it helps give the symbols that makeup substance abuse. All these perspectives are needed to fully understand society.