Financial regulatory framework

Financial regulative manakin Regulatory modeling for monetary reportingThe fiscal regulative role model in the UK went with signifi fuelt reforms in 1990-91 and has remained stable for ten years thereafter. Changes ar be proposed to the regulatory framework arising turn up of three major reasons (a) the move by the European Commission towards developing a single capital mart (b) the Enron scandal which has stimulated political interest in the regulation of business relationship and (c) changes in UKs domestic laws and regulation (Fearnley and Hines, 2003). There have been several changes in the international arena that have also necessitated changes in the fiscal regulatory framework. Due to globalization, many UK companies are now acquiring subsidiary companies in otherwise countries, which function infra incompatible pecuniary parameters and there whitethorn be a need to modify the existing regulatory and pecuniary frameworks (Haller and Walton, 2003). When differ ent pecuniary invoice standards exist in different countries, it may be necessity to harmonize them and this can only be achieved through with(predicate) modification of the financial regulatory networks. In this scene, a report produce by the Institute of chartered accountants in Scotland offers the view that the current side of meat in the context of globalization is such(prenominal)(prenominal) that there is an ever change magnitude volume of accounting system rules, which is not sustainable in the long abide (ICAS, 20062). Its only principles found accounting is likely to be beneficial domestic help law and regulation has changed in different ways. First, the London Stock permute was once self regulatory but it is no longer the tilt authority within the U.K. The UKLA (UK Listing Authority) which is a part of the Financial operate Authority (FSA) is now the responsible authority for this purpose. Second, professional bodies which are a part of the UK Accountancy profession, have even off up their own snobby regulatory framework the Accountancy Foundation to provide strong-minded concern of their auditing standards, ethical standards and regulatory activities, including disciplinary procedures. New regulations have also been issued in respect of limiting the remuneration paid to directors and the Companies routine has also been modified (Fearnley and Hines, 2003). These changes in the domestic law mean that the framework which existed earlier and was more often than not self-regulatory may no longer be adequate. Bullen and Crook (2005) have explained wherefore a conceptual framework is needed. Both the FSAB and IASB, share a habitual goal of ensuring that their standards are principles based, which dominates that such standards must not be a mere collection of conventions but must be root in fundamental concepts. For instance, when the FASB members first attempted to set up a regulatory framework, they experienced considerable d ifficulty in attaining agreement on standards, which led them to work towards the development of a conceptual framework. If such standards are to produce a coherent financial reporting system, they must be compiled in such a way that they constitute a framework that is sound and consistent internally. Bullen and Crook (2005) have also pointed out differences in concepts and conventions through assets, wherein the concept of a piece of equipment as an asset is based upon viewing it as a source of scotch benefits for the future, while the square line depreciation of that asset would be viewed as a convention. harmonize to Bullen and Crook (2005), a consistent regulatory accounting framework is needful to converge different aspects of expressing the same concepts. The development of an accurate and closely highly-developed regulatory framework is essential to prevent accounting fraud and falsification such as the financial scandal that erupted at Enron. Secondly, it also provides advantages for investors, such as the ISAB framework for example, which Ball (20059) has spelt out as follows (a) a more efficient valuation in fair-mindedness markets (b) reduced be to process financial information because GAAP adjustments are not unavoidable (c) reduced costs for being informed in a surface timed(p) manner and (d) ability to create standardized financial databases. If these standards are enforced consistently, then it provides better comparability and therefore ensures that there is less peril for investors. Thirdly, it enables certain objectives of financial reporting to be met, such as (a) usefulness in making economic decisions (b) useful in assessing cash flow rate prospects and (c) providing information about enterprise resources, the claims of these resources and the changes that are required.Using ISAB Standards The existing ISAB framework is similar to the FSAB framework in terms of its structural components, i.e., setting out the objectives, the qualitative characteristics of the information, elements of financial statements, their measurement and display in the statements as well as elements of disclosure. The qualitative characteristics listed for example, include understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability (Zeff 2007291). There are two specific challenges arising where worldwide financial reporting is concerned comparability and convergence. Most companies are using the International Financial reporting Standards in order to prepare their financial statements (Zeff, 2007). The differences in business customs and unified structures, such as the kieretsu in Japan and chaebol in Korea which are really networks of holding companies with interlocking relationships, raises the question of whether a standard on consolidate financial statements would ensure comparability. It must be noted that there are some factors interfering with worldwide comparability, such as the business and financial culture, the acco unting culture, the auditing culture and the regulatory culture (Zeff, 2007). Different countries have different juristic frameworks in place to tackle issues of financial regulation and the operation of companies. For example, in the United States, the Sarbanes Oxley Act tries to regulate the functioning of companies, while in the UK, it is the Turnbull report which has guided corporate governance. Achieving similarity between the different intelligent national systems and their effective implementation across geographical boundaries is also difficult. magical spell there are similar provisions among the laws of different countries, it must be noted that statutory provisions tend to set out well-grounded parameters which may be adequate to express what financial actions would be considered illegal. The Companies Act of 2006, for example, has recently been amended to allow companies greater latitude and flexibility in their operations, such as decision making, ships company for mation, director duties, etc, as well as spelling out limits on remuneration allowable to them. The components of the legal provisions thereby set out detailed parameters about how the company functions and how it is to carry out its business operations. The Companies Act of 2006 also requires that companies establish stake assessment and accountability measures, such as setting up independent auditor function to monitor and check accounting procedures within the Company. exclusively all these aspects are dealt with in generalities rather than specifics in so out-of-the-way(prenominal) as statutory provisions are concerned.But the ISAB framework is much more comprehensive from the perspective of establishing and defining financial parameters. For instance, the ISAB framework defines assets, liabilities and equity clear. Other information contained in the frameworks includes the characteristics of financial information, such as the elements of financial statements and their recog nition, as well as measurement of assets and liabilities.As Ball (2005) points out, investors require high quality financial statements, which would necessitate (a) an accurate depiction of economic outcomes (b) timeliness and (c) a low capacity for manipulation by managers. no(prenominal) of these elements are likely to be components of the law (Ball, 20055). The ISAB framework on the other hand, does place an emphasis on reliability and relevance. The objectives spelt out under ISAB include the development of high quality, understandable and enforceable global accounting standards, promoting the rigorous application of those standards and bringing about a convergence in these standards.(Ball, 20056). Moreover, the regulatory frameworks place emphasis on reliability and consistency of accounting frameworks which helps to ensure that there is comparability and relevance across geographical boundaries.In conclusion therefore, a regulatory framework for financial reporting is necessa ry to ensure that there is consistency across financial standards in respective(a) countries. Regulatory frameworks also help to define financial parameters more clearly as compared to statutory provisions, which provide a more generalized set of rules and laws that companies are expected to adhere to. It is only when there is a encroachment in financial conduct that a legal provision can be applied and contested, in order to establish how it applies in the context of the specific incident or allegation that has been brought before the Courts. A financial regulatory framework such as the ISAB framework however, clearly defines financial parameters and allows for the preparation of accurate financial statements which are likely to be more informative for investors, based upon an accurate depiction of economic outcomes. References* Bullen, Halsey G and Crook, Kimberley, 2005. A new conceptual framework project, Financial Accounting Standards Board.* Fearnley, Stella and Hines, Tony, 2003. The regulatory framework for financial reporting and auditing in the United Kingdom the pledge position and impending changes, The international Journal of Accounting, 38 215-233* Haller, Axel and Walton, Peter, 2003. Country differences and harmonization, IN Walton, P, International Accounting, London Thomson1-34.* Zeff, Stephen A, 2007. Some obstacles to global financial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality, The British Accounting Review, 39290-302

Al Qaeda Counterculture

Al bag CountercultureTimothy MurrayA counterculture is a subculture that rejects the major values of the large society replaces them with a new come pop of cultural patterns (Thomas). Al groundwork is an extremist group that seed in violent death civilians to fill sacrificial religious reasons to their God. Al Qaeda is considered a counterculture because the views they select on life do not fit the norms that numerous opposite societies sh ar. In other words, they reject the views of the common society and think that they be superior to entirely. Al Qaedas views on man-made law or what are commonly kn induce as conscionable laws, are they necessity to be replaced with Sharia laws which are much more strict.The term Al Qaeda can be translated into common English as the base (The Editors of cyclopaedia Britannica). Al Qaeda was founded by Osama bin Laden and Abdullah Azzam in 1988. The members of Al Qaeda strongly believe that a Christian-Jewish conspiracy is trying be the demise of Islam. In the early 1990s Al Qaeda operated out of the country of Yemen (Hull). They have come forward and claimed responsibility for the 1998 U.S Embassy bombings, the folk eleventh attacks on the world trade center, the 2002 Bali bombings and many others. In May of 2011 the leader of Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden was put to deathd by U.S militant forces aft(prenominal) finding him hiding out in a secure meld (The Editors of encyclopaedia Britannica). Al Qaeda has also been found in plotting to assassinate many of the worlds leaders and bombing many of the worlds most well-known locations just to try and affect the lives of thousands.The sociological perspective can be define as viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic track and sociological imagination is the ability to perk up the connection between the large world and our personal lives (Thomas R18). A good example of how Al Qaeda demonstrated the sociological perspective is how well they planned and acted out the attacks on the World Trade Centers in New York City on September eleventh, 2001. Members of Al Qaeda were training on how to fly our commercial airlines and had a very detailed list of all the actions they needed to do in order to successfully act out the attack. The sort the government went through with(predicate) and viewed everything after this event was painstaking because they had to go through and put an account statement on everything they came across. The sociological imagination is demonstrated by thinking rough how Al Qaeda has effected thousands of lives after the 9/11 attacks. When you craunch down deep and think about the way the view life, in their eyes maybe we are the counterculture. By looking at Al Qaeda through a sociological imagination you can see how many may say that they will not be bear on by Al Qaeda but in all populace it may not affect them it may affect their children or their grandchildren.Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one s own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups (Thomas R12). The larger society views Al Qaeda as a counterculture because to them they are an extremist group that murders innocent people and themselves as a sacrifice to their God. When Al Qaeda attacked the United States on September 11th in many psychologists and sociologists viewed this as an act of ethnocentrism because they think that they are remote superior than we were. The way that the United States has gone about trying to fragmentize the issues behind that attacks makes it seem as though we think that we are uttermost superior than any other country or culture.Cultural relativism is the believe that a culture should be judged by their own standards (Thomas R11). By discretion why Al Qaeda militants act out their attacks and why they may become a suicide bomber you will find that thy believe that in the eyes of their God they are doing the right thing to contract to the next level of power and re spect. In 1994 Al Qaeda plot to assassinate Pope John Paul II during a hinge on to Manila (Global Security Editors). By knowing that Al Qaeda believes that a Christian-Jewish will be the demise of Islam, it make sense as to why they would want to assassinate the Pope that being that they believe the Christian-Jewish views will be the demise of Islam.In my own opinion I do not agree with Al Qaedas school of thought. I do not agree with their philosophy because I feel as though they are too peak in the way that they combat their opposing views. There are so many other ways that you can go about things earlier than evidently trying to kill someone or trying to stumble things up simply because they do not share the same views that you do. soul on the cultural relativism side of an argument would say that you cannot judge simply because you do not understand their views where someone arguing ethnocentrism would say that it does not matter their views they should not be killing the mselves to show their God they are worthy and their religion is far superior then any other. You need to look at Al Qaeda through a sociological imagination because you will see how they connect the larger world to your own life. To view Al Qaeda in a systematic way you would be using the sociological perspective which is used in many of Al Qaedas attacks.ReferencesGlobal Security Editors. Globalsecurity.org. 2 swear out 2017. Webpage. 10 March 2017.Hull, Edmund J. Al Qaedas Shadowland. New York The New York Times, 2010. Newspaper.The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Al Qaeda . Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc, 2016.Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology- The Study of Human Relationships. Austin Holt, Rinehart, Winston , 2003. 39. Textbook .

A history of Common Law

A history of communal LawCommon LawIn order to be influential, the responsibilityeousness is to be professed as both certain and predictable, and also flexible and fair. Specific eachy, it needs clear rules on the one hand, but flexibility on the other to produce exceptions to cases that protract to apparently incongruous or unjust conclusions if the rules are applied rigidly. truth is an essence of principles, beliefs, and rules advanced initi tout ensembley by the butterfly of Chancery in positive competition with the rules, principles and principles of the Common Law motor inns.The obliteration of the old speak to of Chancery and the Common Law salutes, has led to the proposition that the hard-hittingion amid legal philosophy and virtue is immediately outdated that the two approaches are instantaneously fused. On the contrary, the better analysis, is that the vernacular fair play and equity remain distinct but mutually dependent features of law they are working in different ways towards the same ends, and it is in that respectfore as wrong to wield the independence of one from the other as it is to assert that at that place is no difference mingled with them.For a long time, the two structures of general law and equity ran uncomfortably side by side. Until 1615 it was by no core realised which one was to prevail in the dismantlet of a dispute. Yet, even after that year the inconsistency between the two forms continued for a very long time. After the restructuring of the English coquet system in 1865, it was decided that in the event of a conflict between the common law and ingenuous principles, equity must prevail. The Judicature Acts 1873-1975 created one system of courts by amalgamating the common law courts and the courts of equity to form the Supreme approach of Judicature which would administer common law and equity. Accordingly the court is now not a Court of Law or a Court of Equity, it is a Court of Complete Jurisdicti on.The area of law recognized as Equity developed in England and Wales in the Middle Ages in situations where the mediocre common law had failed to afford suitable redress. Many legal actions, for example, originated by the issue of a writ but the slightest inaccuracy on the writ would call off the entire action. Another inadequacy in the ordinary common law involved the fact that the only salve was damages that is, compensation, therefore, the court orders did not exist to require people to do both(prenominal)thing or to desist from some conduct, for example, sell as piece of land agree to an agreement make or stop using a particular epithet. Dissatisfied litigants frequently preferred to petition the index for him to mediate in a item case, the courts were, in any case, the Kings courts. These petitions for legal expert were dealt with by the Kings Chancellor who determined each case according to his proclaim discretion. Over the years, the decisions made by Lord Chance llor became known as the rules of equity, derived from the Latin souseding levelling. These bran-new-found rules came to be applied in a particular court, the Chancellors Court, which became identified as the Court of Chancery. Equity began to seem as an apparent set of principles, rather than a personal legal power of the Chancellor, during the Chancellorship of Lord Nottingham in 1673. By the end of Lord Eldons Chancellorship in 1827 equity was recognized as a precise jurisdiction.N of all timetheless the growth of a parallel but distinct system of dispute proclamation was certainly bound to generate a conflict. An individual wronged by a failure of the common law to compensate a gross wickedness would apply to the court of equity. The Chancellor, if the case accepted it, would approve of a compensate preventing the common law court from imposing its order. The catharsis transpired in the Earl ofOxfords Case, where the court of common law ordered the payment of a debt. Th e debt had previously been nonrecreational, but the deed giving affect to the requirement had not been cancelled. The court of equity was prepared to grant an order preventing this and resolving the deed. The collision was in due course resolved in favour of equity where there is an inconsistency, equity prevails. This rule is now preserved in the Supreme Court Act 1981, s 49.The history of equity is regarded by its constant ebb out and flow between compatibility and competition with the common law. More recent developments in equity include, for example, the recognition of restrictive covenants, the expansion of remedies, the development of doctrines such as branded estoppel, the enhanced status of contractual authorizes, and the new model positive assumption. There is an effort, then again, to validate these new developments, which are all illustrations of juridic inspiration, by precedent. As Bagnall J said in Cowcher vCowcher this does not mean that equity is past childbe aring simply that its progeny must be legitimate- by precedent out of principle. It is well that this should be so other than no lawyer could safely advise on his clients title and every quarrel would lead to a law-suit.In all probability the single most significant feature of equity is the trust. If title to any property is vested in a person as regent for another, equity not only restrains the trustee from denying his trust and setting himself up as absolute owner, but impresses on the trustee positive duties of reliable faith towards the other person. Although one of the original development of equity, the protection apt(p) to equitable owners behind a trust has developed considerably all oer the last 50 years.Remedies represent some interesting illustrations of the difference between law and equity a difference which arose as an accident of history, according to Lord Nicholls in A-G v Blake. Ordinarily legal rights and remedies remain disjoint from equitable ones. Some simil arities do, nevertheless, occur. For illustration, an institutionalizeion, an equitable remedy, can be sought for an antecedent breach of contract, or to stop a nuisance, both common law claims. In A-G v Blake, the dramatics of Lords authorized the equitable remedy of count on of profits for an assertion for violation of contract where the common law remedy of damages would have been insufficient. The equitable remedy of account of profits is unremarkably accessible where there is a fiduciary relationship but the contribute of Lords endorsed its request otherwise in exceptional cases where it was the operative way to remedy a wrong. By distinction, in Seager v Copydex, proceedings were brought for breach of dominance in regard for confidential information exposed by the defendants some a carpet grip. Such a claim is equitable and commonly the equitable remedies of injunction and account are obtainable. On the other hand, an injunction would have been unsuccessful and he ju dge awarded damages. It would appear, consequently that a common law remedy is available for an equitable claim for breach of confidence.The new model reconstructive trust resulted in the main due to the resourceful activity of Lord Denning MR. In Hussey v Palmer, Lord Denning explained the constructive trust as one compel by the law wherever justice and good conscience require it. Cases such as Eves v Eves, where the fair sex was awarded an equitable interest in the property signifying her involvement in harm of heavy work, and Cooke v Head, a comparable case, regard this progress further. On the other hand, it might be that this progression has come to a association since the retirement of Lord Denning. A number of modern cases, including Lloyds swear v Rosset, have re-established former ideology in this sphere relating to the survival of a common intention that an equitable interest should occur, and the existence of a direct financial contribution. These ethics are more an alogous to those relating to the formation of a resulting trust.The new model constructive trust has been for the most part comfortable in the field of passs. At common law, a contractual licence was controlled by the doctrine of privity of contract, and failed to present protection against a third society. honorable remedies have been made accessible to avoid a licensor violating a contractual licence and to permit a licence to bind third parties.It has been admit that certain licences may produce an equitable proprietary interest by agent of a constructive trust or proprietary estoppel. In Binions v Evans, it was decided by Lord Denning that purchasers were compelled by a contractual licence between the former owners and Mrs Evans, an occupant. A constructive trust was imposed in her preference as the purchasers had bought specifically subject to Mrs Evans interest and had, for those grounds, paid a reduced price. Also in RE Sharpe, a constructive trust was imposed on a trust ee in unsuccessful person regarding an interest obtained by an aunt who lent money to her nephew for a support purchase on the arrangement that she could live there for the rest of her life.The capriciousness of these progressing fields is once more shown in recent case law which seems to hold back from an advancement which may have pushed the boundaries too far. Obiter dicta from the Court of Appeal in Ashburn Anstalt v W JArnold Co, accepted in Habermann v Koehler, propose that a licence will only give feeling to a constructive trust where the conscience of a third party is influenced it will be imposed where their behaviour so deserves. Judicial resourcefulness in equitable disciplines is therefore made subject to refinements by judges in later cases.Proprietary estoppel is an additional illustration of an equitable doctrine which has seen momentous progression in the interest in justice ever since its formation in the leading case of Dillwyn v Llewelyn. The dogma is establ ished on encouragement and acquiescence whereby equity was equipped to arbitrate and jell the rights of the parties. Its relevance has been further improved by the Court of Appeal in Gillet vHolt, where a wider line of attack to the doctrine was taken that depended, eventually, on the unconscionability of the act. formerly more, it is an advancement which is outside of the organization of property rights and their registration recognized by Parliament.Cases such as Jennings v Rice show that the principle of proprietary estoppel and the protection of licences by estoppel continue to be a successful means used by the judges for the protection of licences and equitable rights. The extent to which the right welcomes protection is adaptable owing to the conditions of the particular case. For example, in Matharu v Matharu, the licence did not bestow a beneficial interest but presented to the responsive a right to live in the house for the rest of her life.A different prevailing progres sion in equity has resulted from the decision of the House of Lords in Barclays Bank plc v OBrien. The case has proclaimed the re-emergence in a broad sense of the equitable doctrine of notice. They present that, where there is undue influence over a co-mortgagor or surety, this may set aside augmentation to a right to prevent the transaction. This right to avoid the transaction amounts to an equity of which the mortgagee may be considered to have constructive notice. This revivification of the equitable doctrine of notice in a contemporary situation reveals obviously the flexibility of equity. A number of cases pursued this pronouncement. In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge, the House of Lords laid down common procedures for the application of the doctrine of notice in this situation.In summary equity fulfils the common law, although it does not endeavour to displace it with a moral code. There have been setbacks and refinements, over the last 50 years, in the progress of new doc trines relating to the trust, above all when later judges seek to rationalise and consolidate new ideology. notwithstanding it is apparent that equity remains its traditions, and prevails over the common law in the event of conflict.

Case Study: Challenges to Healthy Ageing

Case case Ch solelyenges to reasoning(a) AgeingTriumphs and Challenges in Healthy AgingStacey ObispoEveryone has got a accounting. Your story along with everyone elses develops as you advance by dint of intent. Research idealogue bring on studied the stories of different people and have concluded that a persons story develops based on their personal characteristics, the environs in which they live, date, kins that they have, purport transitions encountered and loving change (Hutchinson, 2010). The conduct drift aspect looks at how age, vivification transitions, relationships and neighborly change has formed peoples lives from birth to termination (Hutchinson). Encompassing ones life course perspective is a path full of twists and turns fol smalled by triumphs and challenges maturement brings. In this issue of Healthy Aging, an interview with Crista push is sh atomic number 18d with readers to show has her her life course perspective has developed thus far and how activity and dis liaison theories in aging fair in rationalizeing her direct of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with aging.Interview with Crista DoeCrista Doe is a 75 years old woman donjon in Lake Elsinore, CA. She is a widowed lesbian who lost her partner of 50 years 5 years ago. Currently, Crista lives by herself in a pocket-size one story cottage style al-Qaida.Crista retired at the age of 65 as a records administrator. She was employed by the State of California. She chose retirement at 65 so that she could be a full sequence caregiver for her ailing married woman at the time.Now that Crista has reached her later years, she enjoys gardening and being a genus Phallus of the Reptile clubhouse. However, Cristas somatogenic disabilities have kept her from gardening as frequently as she would like and from being an active member (one that goes to driveway shows and schools educating the public rough reptiles) of the Reptile Society.Crista does non relate to her younger a nd further(prenominal) surviving family member. She has little to no relationship with her nephew because she never had a goodness relationship with her nephews mother (her infant) growing up. As a number of her failing relationship with her sister she distanced herself from her and her nephew. Crista is the younger of two sisters. Her sisters were 15 and 16 years older than she, both have passed away.Historical change that wedge Cristas life was WWII. Crista was born and raised in Germany during WWII. She never aphorism daylight until she was five years old because she and her family lived in under(a)ground bunkers and could only come out during nightfall. Her soda was a Nazi army serjeant in Germany. He did non regard his position or determination in the army precisely felt that he had no prime(a) but to serve. Cristas dad and family were Mormons but out of fear of devastation they never revealed their beliefs to officials. At the age of 5, frequent bombings from th e allied forces during the day agonistic Crista to run out of her bunker. She vividly remembers an American pi lot flying low and looking at her then flame. At the time she was fit to absorb cover but debris flying from the air cause by the firing left her scathed. As a answer from the attack she received a back injury and partial hearing loss. Soon after the attack, her dad surrendered to allied forces and was exe cartroaded. After the war ended, Crista entered into adolescence and along with her mom, and sisters left Germany to live in the U.S.Crista says she had little to no socialization when she lived in Germany. She felt that her socialization dish up began in her adolescence in the U.S. However she encountered problems at school with students and staff. When she entered High aim she dropped out soon after because she was angry. She was angry about the way report books retold stories about the war and how others believed it without question. Crista said, The books did not paint an accurate picture as to what happened in the war. I know it because I lived in it. Crista had an unstable home life due to her mothers inability to keep a job and support her financially. Crista ended up sprightliness with the older sister she got along with and began taking dance lessons to alleviate the pain from her back issues. During this time Crista was able to develop friendships with other dancers.Health challenges Crista has encountered includes spinal injury, a confounded hip, and hearing loss. Crista states that her wellness challenges have been a combination of both environment and age. Her spinal injury has gotten worse and her hip although healed from its break 4 years ago still does not work like it used to. Crista says that her spine, hip, and overall health has deteriorated more since her wife died. As a result of her health issues Crista now gets some using two canes in the tin and a walker when shes out on the street. The last social function Cri sta anticipates in this stage of her life is death. She says she senses that her end is coming soon.Crista has not go through any changes in her living arrangements over the last five years. She says she does not plan on making any either. Crista does admit that she has some problems guardianship up with the housekeeping but says shes fine and does not want anyones aid. Crista says, I should be able to do all the things around this house myself, I do not need anybody and I am keeping it that way.Cristas has negative feelings about getting older. She says her deteriorating health has interpreted her away from accomplishing the things that she wants to accomplish and from the things she enjoys. Crista says she feels sad and depressed a lot of her time.Crista believes that her life experiences in Germany have really contributed to her wisdom. She believes that her experiences in Germany taught her how to keep on living and survive. She feels that her life experiences with her wife o f 50 years really contributed towards her gaining wisdom about love.Cristas one piece of advice that she would like to share about aging, bearing is beautiful, but health has major effects on being able to enjoy that beauty. Crista explains that aging is not bad. Rather, it is the complications that accompany it that make it difficult. activeness Theory and CristaActivity supposition views older adults as being near satisfied if they are able to remain in their social roles (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014). fundamentally under this theory, successful aging equals active aging and activity is shown through maintaining active roles in society (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014). This theory suggests that older adults should be minded(p) as many opportunities as possible to be engaged with work, family and confederacy to encounter higher levels of life satisfaction (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014).Crista does not fit all the criteria for successful aging under activity theory because her s ocial roles have lessened not from leave out of desire but from lack of physical mobility and deaths of family members. Cristas familial social roles are non existent due to the deaths of her sisters, mother, and lack of communication with her estranged nephew. Cristas social ties with work have been press cutting since retirement. On the other hand, Crista is successfully aging under activity theory profile because she has a part-time role in the Reptile Society and she is active with taking care of her home. Crista feels sad and depressed a lot of the time because she has lost some of her mobility and stamina for doing the things she once loved. Under activity theory it would be assumed that Crista has lost a major germ of her identity due to losing her social roles such as work and family (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014). Her deteriorating health has prohibited her from reengaging in new work roles. She is not engaged socially with family since she lost her life partner and fami ly. Activity theory explains her joy with staying connected with the Reptile Society and her feelings for being sad and depressed because of her lack of engagement in the roles of work and family.Disengagement Theory and CristaDisengagement theory states that frequent and natural evolution of life causes older adults to purposefully untie their social ties (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014). This type of natural detachment is not just inevitable but desirable (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014). The theory asserts that aging is accompanied by a uncouth withdrawal process of the individual and society (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014).Crista did not purposefully loosen her social ties. Her physical disabilities have altered her ability to stay as socially active as she would like with the Reptile Society. Her personal social ties to family have been cut due to familial death and to assert that she has cut her nephew off due to her age would be an incorrect assertion because in that respect was never a true social connection or relationship she had with him. Under the approach of disengagement theory retirement and isolation from family members are sought out for higher levels of being (Whitbourne Whitbourne, 2014). A lot of the time Crista is sad and depressed. Successful aging under disengagement theory states that Crista should be having a higher level of well-being due to disengagement. However considering her circumstances, she is not experiencing a higher level of well-being. Furthermore, disengagement theory does not explain Cristas current engagement with community through participating as a part- time member with the Reptile society. Disengagement theory should kick in that older adults do still desire to be active but it is their physical limitations and family related deaths that contribute towards the disengaging process. The disengagement process therefore is not sought out by the individual nor does it make them more mental object its a natural evolut ion that occurs due to life events.decisivenessThere are triumphs and challenges that accompany aging. Cristas story shows that throughout her life course, she has found both adversity and happiness and they have shaped her into the individual and head strong lady that she is today. As Crista has entered her later years her health and social ties have influenced and the impacted her feelings of satisfaction with life. Crista fits the criteria set for satisfaction/ dissatisfaction under activity theory. Conversely, disengagement theory does not explain her current level of being. Understanding the different theoretical perspectives mentioned in this article can help one make sense of their distinctive life journey and in some situations, it may be possible that this knowledge can be used to help improve ones present-day circumstances.ReferencesHutchinson, E. D. (2010). A life course perspective. Retrieved from http//www.sagepub.com/hutchisonclc4e/study/chapter.htmWhitbourne, S.K., Whitbourne, S.B. (2014). Adult development and aging Biopsychosocial perspectives (5th ed.) Hoboken, NJ Wiley.